- a. The violence that accompanied the partition of India and the establishment of the independent states of India and Pakistan during the period 1947-49 led to the creation of the United Nations Military Observer Group India-Pakistan (UNMOGIP). UNMOs are effectively unarmed peacekeepers. Canada ultimately contributed 27 observers to UNMOGIP.
- The UN. UN operations in Korea were considered part of a collective security effort, rather than as peacekeeping.
- c. Canada’s Secretary of State for External Affairs, Lester Pearson, proposed to the UN General Assembly the formation of a peacekeeping force to separate and maintain order between the British, French, and Israeli invaders and their Egyptian opponents along the Suez Canal. Over the following decade, the United Nations Emergency Force (UNEF) served this purpose, with about 1,000 Canadian troops participating in the force.
- b. “Tommy” Burns commanded UNEF until 1959. Burns previously led the United Nations Truce Supervisory Organization (UNTSO) that enforced the UN-sponsored ceasefires that ended the first Arab-Israeli War in 1948.
- The Congo. Canadian signals and communications specialists operated under the Organisation des Nations Unies au Congo (UNOC) between 1960 and 1964. UNOC had the challenging task of ensuring the transition of the Congo from Belgian colony to independent state.
- True. Canadians participated in two international commissions that attempted to bring order to Vietnam. The first was one of three International Commissions for Supervision and Control designed in 1954 to assist Vietnam in establishing its independence as French Indochina broke down into several states. This commission was ultimately undermined by the Vietnam War which dragged on into the 1970s. In the second, the International Commission for Control and Supervision, Canadians attempted to supervise the truce signed by the United States, North Vietnam, and South Vietnam in 1973 that was supposed to bring the war to an end.
- Cyprus. Established in 1964, the United Nations Peacekeeping Force in Cyprus (UNFICYP) was originally tasked with preventing further conflict between the Greek and Turkish Cypriot communities.
- The 1990-91 Gulf War which, like the Korean War, was a UN collective security operation rather than a peacekeeping mission. Canada was part of the diplomatic and military coalition that ended the Iraqi occupation of Kuwait.
- Roméo Dallaire. UNAMIR was established in October 1993 and ended in March 1996.
- True. Thousands of Canadian Forces personnel took part in both the NATO-led Stabilization Force in Bosnia and Herzegovina (SFOR) and Kosovo Force (KFOR). While SFOR operated from 1996 to 2004, KFOR was established in 1999 and continues its operations today.
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